Electrical fundamentals

Basic Module 3

Don’t know what a basic module is? Know more about Part-66 Basic Modules.

Applicability

This module is required for the following AML categories:

Topics

Issued on Regulation (EU) 2018/1142

Electron Theory

Structure and distribution of electrical charges within: atoms, molecules, ions, compounds;
Molecular structure of conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

Static Electricity and Conduction

Static electricity and distribution of electrostatic charges;
Electrostatic laws of attraction and repulsion;
Units of charge, Coulomb’s Law;
Conduction of electricity in solids, liquids, gases and a vacuum.

Electrical Terminology

The following terms, their units and factors affecting them: potential difference, electromotive force, voltage, current, resistance, conductance, charge, conventional current flow, electron flow.

Generation of Electricity

Production of electricity by the following methods: light, heat, friction, pressure, chemical action, magnetism and motion.

DC Sources of Electricity

Construction and basic chemical action of: primary cells, secondary cells, lead acid cells, nickel cadmium cells, other alkaline cells;
Cells connected in series and parallel;
Internal resistance and its effect on a battery;
Construction, materials and operation of thermocouples;
Operation of photo-cells.

DC Circuits

Ohms Law, Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current Laws;
Calculations using the above laws to find resistance, voltage and current;
Significance of the internal resistance of a supply.

Resistance/Resistor

(A)
- Resistance and affecting factors;
- Specific resistance;
- Resistor colour code, values and tolerances, preferred values, wattage ratings;
- Resistors in series and parallel;
- Calculation of total resistance using series, parallel and series parallel combinations;
- Operation and use of potentiometers and rheostats;
- Operation of Wheatstone Bridge;
(B)
- Positive and negative temperature coefficient conductance;
- Fixed resistors, stability, tolerance and limitations, methods of construction;
- Variable resistors, thermistors, voltage dependent resistors;
- Construction of potentiometers and rheostats;
- Construction of Wheatstone Bridge.

Power

Power, work and energy (kinetic and potential);
Dissipation of power by a resistor;
Power formula;
Calculations involving power, work and energy.

Capacitance/Capacitor

Operation and function of a capacitor;
Factors affecting capacitance area of plates, distance between plates, number of plates, dielectric and dielectric constant, working voltage, voltage rating;
Capacitor types, construction and function;
Capacitor colour coding;
Calculations of capacitance and voltage in series and parallel circuits;
Exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor, time constants;
Testing of capacitors.

Magnetism

(A)
- Theory of magnetism;
- Properties of a magnet;
- Action of a magnet suspended in the Earth’s magnetic field;
- Magnetisation and demagnetisation;
- Magnetic shielding;
- Various types of magnetic material;
- Electromagnets construction and principles of operation;
- Hand clasp rules to determine: magnetic field around current carrying conductor;
(B)
- Magnetomotive force, field strength, magnetic flux density, permeability, hysteresis loop, retentivity, coercive force reluctance, saturation point, eddy currents;
- Precautions for care and storage of magnets.

Inductance/Inductor

Faraday’s Law;
Action of inducing a voltage in a conductor moving in a magnetic field;
Induction principles;
Effects of the following on the magnitude of an induced voltage: magnetic field strength, rate of change of flux, number of conductor turns;
Mutual induction;
The effect the rate of change of primary current and mutual inductance has on induced voltage;
Factors affecting mutual inductance: number of turns in coil, physical size of coil, permeability of coil, position of coils with respect to each other;
Lenz’s Law and polarity determining rules;
Back emf, self induction;
Saturation point;
Principle uses of inductors.

DC Motor/Generator Theory

Basic motor and generator theory;
Construction and purpose of components in DC generator;
Operation of, and factors affecting output and direction of current flow in DC generators;
Operation of, and factors affecting output power, torque, speed and direction of rotation of DC motors;
Series wound, shunt wound and compound motors;
Starter Generator construction.

AC Theory

Sinusoidal waveform: phase, period, frequency, cycle;
Instantaneous, average, root mean square, peak, peak to peak current values and calculations of these values, in relation to voltage, current and power;
Triangular/Square waves;
Single/3 phase principles.

Resistive (R), Capacitive (C), and Inductive (L) Circuits

Phase relationship of voltage and current in L, C and R circuits, parallel, series and series parallel;
Power dissipation in L, C and R circuits;
Impedance, phase angle, power factor and current calculations;
True power, apparent power and reactive power calculations.

Transformers

Transformer construction principles and operation;
Transformer losses and methods for overcoming them;
Transformer action under load and no-load conditions;
Power transfer, efficiency, polarity markings;
Calculation of line and phase voltages and currents;
Calculation of power in a three phase system;
Primary and Secondary current, voltage, turns ratio, power, efficiency;
Auto transformers.

Filters

Operation, application and uses of the following filters: low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop.

AC Generators

Rotation of loop in a magnetic field and waveform produced;
Operation and construction of revolving armature and revolving
field type AC generators;
Single phase, two phase and three phase alternators;
Three phase star and delta connections advantages and uses;
Permanent Magnet Generators.

AC Motors

Construction, principles of operation and characteristics of: AC synchronous and induction motors both single and polyphase;
Methods of speed control and direction of rotation;
Methods of producing a rotating field: capacitor, inductor, shaded or split pole.

Examination

AML Cat B1 & B2
52 multi-choice and 0 essay questions.
Time allowed: 65 minutes.

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